How to Set Up an Nginx Ingress with Cert-Manager on DigitalOcean Kubernetes

Introduction

Kubernetes Ingresses allow you to flexibly route traffic from outside your Kubernetes cluster to Services inside of your cluster. This is accomplished using Ingress Resources, which define rules for routing HTTP and HTTPS traffic to Kubernetes Services, and Ingress Controllers, which implement the rules by load balancing traffic and routing it to the appropriate backend Services. Popular Ingress Controllers include Nginx, Contour, HAProxy, and Traefik. Ingresses provide a more efficient and flexible alternative to setting up multiple LoadBalancer services, each of which uses its own dedicated Load Balancer.
In this guide, we'll set up the Kubernetes-maintained Nginx Ingress Controller, and create some Ingress Resources to route traffic to several dummy backend services. Once we've set up the Ingress, we'll install cert-manager into our cluster to manage and provision TLS certificates for encrypting HTTP traffic to the Ingress.

Prerequisites

Before you begin with this guide, you should have the following available to you:
  • A Kubernetes 1.10+ cluster with role-based access control (RBAC) enabled
  • The kubectl command-line tool installed on your local machine and configured to connect to your cluster. You can read more about installing kubectl in the official documentation.
  • A domain name and DNS A records which you can point to the DigitalOcean Load Balancer used by the Ingress. If you are using DigitalOcean to manage your domain's DNS records, consult How to Manage DNS Records to learn how to create A records.
  • The Helm package manager installed on your local machine and Tiller installed on your cluster, as detailed in How To Install Software on Kubernetes Clusters with the Helm Package Manager. Ensure that you are using Helm v2.12.1 or later or you may run into issues installing the cert-manager Helm chart. To check the Helm version you have installed, run helm version on your local machine.
  • The wget command-line utility installed on your local machine. You can install wget using the package manager built into your operating system.
Once you have these components set up, you're ready to begin with this guide.

Step 1 — Setting Up Dummy Backend Services

Before we deploy the Ingress Controller, we'll first create and roll out two dummy echo Services to which we'll route external traffic using the Ingress. The echo Services will run the hashicorp/http-echo web server container, which returns a page containing a text string passed in when the web server is launched. To learn more about http-echo, consult its GitHub Repo, and to learn more about Kubernetes Services, consult Services from the official Kubernetes docs.
On your local machine, create and edit a file called echo1.yaml using nano or your favorite editor:
    

  • nano echo1.yaml

    •
Paste in the following Service and Deployment manifest:
echo1.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: echo1
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
    targetPort: 5678
  selector:
    app: echo1
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: echo1
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: echo1
  replicas: 2
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: echo1
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: echo1
        image: hashicorp/http-echo
        args:
        - "-text=echo1"
        ports:
        - containerPort: 5678
In this file, we define a Service called echo1 which routes traffic to Pods with the app: echo1 label selector. It accepts TCP traffic on port 80 and routes it to port 5678,http-echo's default port.
We then define a Deployment, also called echo1, which manages Pods with the app: echo1 Label Selector. We specify that the Deployment should have 2 Pod replicas, and that the Pods should start a container called echo1 running the hashicorp/http-echo image. We pass in the text parameter and set it to echo1, so that the http-echo web server returns echo1. Finally, we open port 5678 on the Pod container.
Once you're satisfied with your dummy Service and Deployment manifest, save and close the file.
Then, create the Kubernetes resources using kubectl create with the -f flag, specifying the file you just saved as a parameter:
    

  • kubectl create -f echo1.yaml

    •
You should see the following output:

Output

service/echo1 created
deployment.apps/echo1 created
Verify that the Service started correctly by confirming that it has a ClusterIP, the internal IP on which the Service is exposed:
    

  • kubectl get svc echo1

    •
You should see the following output:

Output

NAME      TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
echo1     ClusterIP   10.245.222.129   <none>        80/TCP    60s
This indicates that the echo1 Service is now available internally at 10.245.222.129 on port 80. It will forward traffic to containerPort 5678 on the Pods it selects.
Now that the echo1 Service is up and running, repeat this process for the echo2 Service.
Create and open a file called echo2.yaml:
echo2.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: echo2
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
    targetPort: 5678
  selector:
    app: echo2
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: echo2
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: echo2
  replicas: 1
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: echo2
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: echo2
        image: hashicorp/http-echo
        args:
        - "-text=echo2"
        ports:
        - containerPort: 5678
Here, we essentially use the same Service and Deployment manifest as above, but name and relabel the Service and Deployment echo2. In addition, to provide some variety, we create only 1 Pod replica. We ensure that we set the text parameter to echo2 so that the web server returns the text echo2.
Save and close the file, and create the Kubernetes resources using kubectl:
    

  • kubectl create -f echo2.yaml

    •
You should see the following output:

Output

service/echo2 created
deployment.apps/echo2 created
Once again, verify that the Service is up and running:
    

  • kubectl get svc

    •
You should see both the echo1 and echo2 Services with assigned ClusterIPs:

Output

NAME         TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
echo1        ClusterIP   10.245.222.129   <none>        80/TCP    6m6s
echo2        ClusterIP   10.245.128.224   <none>        80/TCP    6m3s
kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.245.0.1       <none>        443/TCP   4d21h
Now that our dummy echo web services are up and running, we can move on to rolling out the Nginx Ingress Controller.

Step 2 — Setting Up the Kubernetes Nginx Ingress Controller

In this step, we'll roll out the Kubernetes-maintained Nginx Ingress Controller. Note that there are severalNginx Ingress Controllers; the Kubernetes community maintains the one used in this guide and Nginx Inc. maintains kubernetes-ingress. The instructions in this tutorial are based on those from the official Kubernetes Nginx Ingress Controller Installation Guide.
The Nginx Ingress Controller consists of a Pod that runs the Nginx web server and watches the Kubernetes Control Plane for new and updated Ingress Resource objects. An Ingress Resource is essentially a list of traffic routing rules for backend Services. For example, an Ingress rule can specify that HTTP traffic arriving at the path /web1 should be directed towards the web1 backend web server. Using Ingress Resources, you can also perform host-based routing: for example, routing requests that hit web1.your_domain.com to the backend Kubernetes Service web1.
In this case, because we’re deploying the Ingress Controller to a DigitalOcean Kubernetes cluster, the Controller will create a LoadBalancer Service that spins up a DigitalOcean Load Balancer to which all external traffic will be directed. This Load Balancer will route external traffic to the Ingress Controller Pod running Nginx, which then forwards traffic to the appropriate backend Services.
We'll begin by first creating the Kubernetes resources required by the Nginx Ingress Controller. These consist of ConfigMaps containing the Controller's configuration, Role-based Access Control (RBAC) Roles to grant the Controller access to the Kubernetes API, and the actual Ingress Controller Deployment. To see a full list of these required resources, consult the manifest from the Kubernetes Nginx Ingress Controller’s GitHub repo.
To create these mandatory resources, use kubectl apply and the -f flag to specify the manifest file hosted on GitHub:
    

  • kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx/master/deploy/mandatory.yaml

    •
We use apply instead of create here so that in the future we can incrementally apply changes to the Ingress Controller objects instead of completely overwriting them. To learn more about apply, consult Managing Resources from the official Kubernetes docs.
You should see the following output:

Output

namespace/ingress-nginx created
configmap/nginx-configuration created
configmap/tcp-services created
configmap/udp-services created
serviceaccount/nginx-ingress-serviceaccount created
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/nginx-ingress-clusterrole created
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/nginx-ingress-role created
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/nginx-ingress-role-nisa-binding created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/nginx-ingress-clusterrole-nisa-binding created
deployment.extensions/nginx-ingress-controller created
This output also serves as a convenient summary of all the Ingress Controller objects created from the mandatory.yaml manifest.
Next, we'll create the Ingress Controller LoadBalancer Service, which will create a DigitalOcean Load Balancer that will load balance and route HTTP and HTTPS traffic to the Ingress Controller Pod deployed in the previous command.
To create the LoadBalancer Service, once again kubectl apply a manifest file containing the Service definition:
    

  • kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx/master/deploy/provider/cloud-generic.yaml

    •
You should see the following output:

Output

service/ingress-nginx created
Now, confirm that the DigitalOcean Load Balancer was successfully created by fetching the Service details with kubectl:
    

  • kubectl get svc --namespace=ingress-nginx

    •
You should see an external IP address, corresponding to the IP address of the DigitalOcean Load Balancer:

Output

NAME            TYPE           CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP       PORT(S)                      AGE
ingress-nginx   LoadBalancer   10.245.247.67   203.0.113.0   80:32486/TCP,443:32096/TCP   20h
Note down the Load Balancer's external IP address, as you'll need it in a later step.
Note: By default the Nginx Ingress LoadBalancer Service has service.spec.externalTrafficPolicy set to the value Local, which routes all load balancer traffic to nodes running Nginx Ingress Pods. The other nodes will deliberately fail load balancer health checks so that Ingress traffic does not get routed to them. External traffic policies are beyond the scope of this tutorial, but to learn more you can consult A Deep Dive into Kubernetes External Traffic Policies and Source IP for Services with Type=LoadBalancer from the official Kubernetes docs. 
This load balancer receives traffic on HTTP and HTTPS ports 80 and 443, and forwards it to the Ingress Controller Pod. The Ingress Controller will then route the traffic to the appropriate backend Service.
We can now point our DNS records at this external Load Balancer and create some Ingress Resources to implement traffic routing rules.

Step 3 — Creating the Ingress Resource

Let's begin by creating a minimal Ingress Resource to route traffic directed at a given subdomain to a corresponding backend Service.
In this guide, we'll use the test domain example.com. You should substitute this with the domain name you own.
We'll first create a simple rule to route traffic directed at echo1.example.com to the echo1 backend service and traffic directed at echo2.example.com to the echo2 backend service.
Begin by opening up a file called echo_ingress.yaml in your favorite editor:
    

  • nano echo_ingress.yaml

    •
Paste in the following ingress definition:
echo_ingress.yaml
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: echo-ingress
spec:
  rules:
  - host: echo1.example.com
    http:
      paths:
      - backend:
          serviceName: echo1
          servicePort: 80
  - host: echo2.example.com
    http:
      paths:
      - backend:
          serviceName: echo2
          servicePort: 80
When you've finished editing your Ingress rules, save and close the file.
Here, we've specified that we'd like to create an Ingress Resource called echo-ingress, and route traffic based on the Host header. An HTTP request Host header specifies the domain name of the target server. To learn more about Host request headers, consult the Mozilla Developer Network definition page. Requests with host echo1.example.com will be directed to the echo1 backend set up in Step 1, and requests with host echo2.example.com will be directed to the echo2 backend.
You can now create the Ingress using kubectl:
    

  • kubectl apply -f echo_ingress.yaml

    •
You'll see the following output confirming the Ingress creation:

Output

ingress.extensions/echo-ingress created
To test the Ingress, navigate to your DNS management service and create A records for echo1.example.com and echo2.example.com pointing to the DigitalOcean Load Balancer's external IP. The Load Balancer's external IP is the external IP address for the ingress-nginx Service, which we fetched in the previous step. If you are using DigitalOcean to manage your domain's DNS records, consult How to Manage DNS Records to learn how to create A records.
Once you've created the necessary echo1.example.com and echo2.example.com DNS records, you can test the Ingress Controller and Resource you've created using the curl command line utility.
From your local machine, curl the echo1 Service:
    

  • curl echo1.example.com

    •
You should get the following response from the echo1 service:

Output

echo1
This confirms that your request to echo1.example.com is being correctly routed through the Nginx ingress to the echo1 backend Service.
Now, perform the same test for the echo2 Service:
    

  • curl echo2.example.com

    •
You should get the following response from the echo2 Service:

Output

echo2
This confirms that your request to echo2.example.com is being correctly routed through the Nginx ingress to the echo2 backend Service.
At this point, you've successfully set up a basic Nginx Ingress to perform virtual host-based routing. In the next step, we'll install cert-manager using Helm to provision TLS certificates for our Ingress and enable the more secure HTTPS protocol.

Step 4 — Installing and Configuring Cert-Manager

In this step, we'll use Helm to install cert-manager into our cluster. cert-manager is a Kubernetes service that provisions TLS certificates from Let's Encrypt and other certificate authorities and manages their lifecycles. Certificates can be requested and configured by annotating Ingress Resources with the certmanager.k8s.io/issuer annotation, appending a tls section to the Ingress spec, and configuring one or more Issuers to specify your preferred certificate authority. To learn more about Issuer objects, consult the official cert-manager documentation on Issuers.
Note: Ensure that you are using Helm v2.12.1 or later before installing cert-manager. To check the Helm version you have installed, run helm version on your local machine. 
We'll first begin by using Helm to install cert-manager into our cluster:
    

  • helm install --name cert-manager --namespace kube-system stable/cert-manager --version v0.5.2

    •
Note: In this guide we'll install cert-manager v0.5.2. Installing the latest version requires some additional steps which you can find in the official cert-manager repo. This guide will soon be updated to include these additional steps.
You should see the following output:

Output

. . .
NOTES:
cert-manager has been deployed successfully!

In order to begin issuing certificates, you will need to set up a ClusterIssuer
or Issuer resource (for example, by creating a 'letsencrypt-staging' issuer).

More information on the different types of issuers and how to configure them
can be found in our documentation:

https://cert-manager.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/issuers.html

For information on how to configure cert-manager to automatically provision
Certificates for Ingress resources, take a look at the `ingress-shim`
documentation:

https://cert-manager.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/ingress-shim.html
This indicates that the cert-manager installation succeeded.
Before we begin issuing certificates for our Ingress hosts, we need to create an Issuer, which specifies the certificate authority from which signed x509 certificates can be obtained. In this guide, we'll use the Let's Encrypt certificate authority, which provides free TLS certificates and offers both a staging server for testing your certificate configuration, and a production server for rolling out verifiable TLS certificates.
Let's create a test Issuer to make sure the certificate provisioning mechanism is functioning correctly. Open a file named staging_issuer.yaml in your favorite text editor:
nano staging_issuer.yaml
Paste in the following ClusterIssuer manifest:
staging_issuer.yaml
apiVersion: certmanager.k8s.io/v1alpha1
kind: ClusterIssuer
metadata:
 name: letsencrypt-staging
spec:
 acme:
   # The ACME server URL
   server: https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
   # Email address used for ACME registration
   email: your_email_address_here
   # Name of a secret used to store the ACME account private key
   privateKeySecretRef:
     name: letsencrypt-staging
   # Enable the HTTP-01 challenge provider
   http01: {}
Here we specify that we'd like to create a ClusterIssuer object called letsencrypt-staging, and use the Let's Encrypt staging server. We'll later use the production server to roll out our certificates, but the production server may rate-limit requests made against it, so for testing purposes it's best to use the staging URL.
We then specify an email address to register the certificate, and create a Kubernetes Secret called letsencrypt-staging to store the ACME account's private key. We also enable the HTTP-01challenge mechanism. To learn more about these parameters, consult the official cert-manager documentation on Issuers.
Roll out the ClusterIssuer using kubectl:
    

  • kubectl create -f staging_issuer.yaml

    •
You should see the following output:

Output

clusterissuer.certmanager.k8s.io/letsencrypt-staging created
Now that we've created our Let's Encrypt staging Issuer, we're ready to modify the Ingress Resource we created above and enable TLS encryption for the echo1.example.com and echo2.example.compaths.
Open up echo_ingress.yaml once again in your favorite editor:
    

  • nano echo_ingress.yaml

    •
Add the following to the Ingress Resource manifest:
echo_ingress.yaml
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: echo-ingress
  annotations:  
    kubernetes.io/ingress.class: nginx
    certmanager.k8s.io/cluster-issuer: letsencrypt-staging
spec:
  tls:
  - hosts:
    - echo1.example.com
    - echo2.example.com
    secretName: letsencrypt-staging
  rules:
  - host: echo1.example.com
    http:
      paths:
      - backend:
          serviceName: echo1
          servicePort: 80
  - host: echo2.example.com
    http:
      paths:
      - backend:
          serviceName: echo2
          servicePort: 80
Here we add some annotations to specify the ingress.class, which determines the Ingress Controller that should be used to implement the Ingress Rules. In addition, we define the cluster-issuer to be letsencrypt-staging, the certificate Issuer we just created.
Finally, we add a tls block to specify the hosts for which we want to acquire certificates, and specify a secretName. This secret will contain the TLS private key and issued certificate.
When you're done making changes, save and close the file.
We'll now update the existing Ingress Resource using kubectl apply:
    

  • kubectl apply -f echo_ingress.yaml

    •
You should see the following output:

Output

ingress.extensions/echo-ingress configured
You can use kubectl describe to track the state of the Ingress changes you've just applied:
    

  • kubectl describe ingress

    • 




Output

Events:
  Type    Reason             Age               From                      Message
  ----    ------             ----              ----                      -------
  Normal  CREATE             14m               nginx-ingress-controller  Ingress default/echo-ingress
  Normal  UPDATE             1m (x2 over 13m)  nginx-ingress-controller  Ingress default/echo-ingress
  Normal  CreateCertificate  1m                cert-manager              Successfully created Certificate "letsencrypt-staging"
Once the certificate has been successfully created, you can run an additional describe on it to further confirm its successful creation:
    

  • kubectl describe certificate

    •
You should see the following output in the Events section:

Output

Events:
  Type    Reason          Age   From          Message
  ----    ------          ----  ----          -------
  Normal  CreateOrder     50s   cert-manager  Created new ACME order, attempting validation...
  Normal  DomainVerified  15s   cert-manager  Domain "echo2.example.com" verified with "http-01" validation
  Normal  DomainVerified  3s    cert-manager  Domain "echo1.example.com" verified with "http-01" validation
  Normal  IssueCert       3s    cert-manager  Issuing certificate...
  Normal  CertObtained    1s    cert-manager  Obtained certificate from ACME server
  Normal  CertIssued      1s    cert-manager  Certificate issued successfully
This confirms that the TLS certificate was successfully issued and HTTPS encryption is now active for the two domains configured.
We're now ready to send a request to a backend echo server to test that HTTPS is functioning correctly.
Run the following wget command to send a request to echo1.example.com and print the response headers to STDOUT:
    

  • wget --save-headers -O- echo1.example.com

    •
You should see the following output:

Output

URL transformed to HTTPS due to an HSTS policy
--2018-12-11 14:38:24--  https://echo1.example.com/
Resolving echo1.example.com (echo1.example.com)... 203.0.113.0
Connecting to echo1.example.com (echo1.example.net)|203.0.113.0|:443... connected.
ERROR: cannot verify echo1.example.com's certificate, issued by ‘CN=Fake LE Intermediate X1’:
  Unable to locally verify the issuer's authority.
To connect to echo1.example.com insecurely, use `--no-check-certificate'.
This indicates that HTTPS has successfully been enabled, but the certificate cannot be verified as it's a fake temporary certificate issued by the Let's Encrypt staging server.
Now that we've tested that everything works using this temporary fake certificate, we can roll out production certificates for the two hosts echo1.example.com and echo2.example.com.

Step 5 — Rolling Out Production Issuer

In this step we’ll modify the procedure used to provision staging certificates, and generate a valid, verifiable production certificate for our Ingress hosts.
To begin, we'll first create a production certificate ClusterIssuer.
Open a file called prod_issuer.yaml in your favorite editor:
nano prod_issuer.yaml
Paste in the following manifest:
prod_issuer.yaml
apiVersion: certmanager.k8s.io/v1alpha1
kind: ClusterIssuer
metadata:
  name: letsencrypt-prod
spec:
  acme:
    # The ACME server URL
    server: https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory
    # Email address used for ACME registration
    email: your_email_address_here
    # Name of a secret used to store the ACME account private key
    privateKeySecretRef:
      name: letsencrypt-prod
    # Enable the HTTP-01 challenge provider
    http01: {}
Note the different ACME server URL, and the letsencrypt-prod secret key name.
When you're done editing, save and close the file.
Now, roll out this Issuer using kubectl:
    

  • kubectl create -f prod_issuer.yaml

    •
You should see the following output:

Output

clusterissuer.certmanager.k8s.io/letsencrypt-prod created
Update echo_ingress.yaml to use this new Issuer:
    

  • nano echo_ingress.yaml

    •
Make the following changes to the file:
echo_ingress.yaml
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: echo-ingress
  annotations:  
    kubernetes.io/ingress.class: nginx
    certmanager.k8s.io/cluster-issuer: letsencrypt-prod
spec:
  tls:
  - hosts:
    - echo1.example.com
    - echo2.example.com
    secretName: letsencrypt-prod
  rules:
  - host: echo1.example.com
    http:
      paths:
      - backend:
          serviceName: echo1
          servicePort: 80
  - host: echo2.example.com
    http:
      paths:
      - backend:
          serviceName: echo2
          servicePort: 80
Here, we update both the ClusterIssuer and secret name to letsencrypt-prod.
Once you're satisfied with your changes, save and close the file.
Roll out the changes using kubectl apply:
    

  • kubectl apply -f echo_ingress.yaml

    • 




Output

ingress.extensions/echo-ingress configured
Wait a couple of minutes for the Let's Encrypt production server to issue the certificate. You can track its progress using kubectl describe on the certificate object:
    

  • kubectl describe certificate letsencrypt-prod

    •
Once you see the following output, the certificate has been issued successfully:

Output

Events:
  Type    Reason          Age    From          Message
  ----    ------          ----   ----          -------
  Normal  CreateOrder     4m4s   cert-manager  Created new ACME order, attempting validation...
  Normal  DomainVerified  3m30s  cert-manager  Domain "echo2.example.com" verified with "http-01" validation
  Normal  DomainVerified  3m18s  cert-manager  Domain "echo1.example.com" verified with "http-01" validation
  Normal  IssueCert       3m18s  cert-manager  Issuing certificate...
  Normal  CertObtained    3m16s  cert-manager  Obtained certificate from ACME server
  Normal  CertIssued      3m16s  cert-manager  Certificate issued successfully
We'll now perform a test using curl to verify that HTTPS is working correctly:
    

  • curl echo1.example.com

    •
You should see the following:

Output

<html>
<head><title>308 Permanent Redirect</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>308 Permanent Redirect</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.15.6</center>
</body>
</html>
This indicates that HTTP requests are being redirected to use HTTPS.
Run curl on https://echo1.example.com:
    

  • curl https://echo1.example.com

    •
You should now see the following output:

Output

echo1
You can run the previous command with the verbose -v flag to dig deeper into the certificate handshake and to verify the certificate information.
At this point, you've successfully configured HTTPS using a Let's Encrypt certificate for your Nginx Ingress.

Conclusion

In this guide, you set up an Nginx Ingress to load balance and route external requests to backend Services inside of your Kubernetes cluster. You also secured the Ingress by installing the cert-manager certificate provisioner and setting up a Let's Encrypt certificate for two host paths.
There are many alternatives to the Nginx Ingress Controller. To learn more, consult Ingress controllers from the official Kubernetes documentation.

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For Code Click Here ...! https://github.com/harsh4870/Digital-ocean-auto-volume-backup Digital ocean auto volume backup shell script.Currently, it will keep 2 newest snapshots. If you want to config this, change the value. What does this script do ? Since DigitalOcean currently didn't provide auto backup for the volume. So, i created the script to call DigitalOcean API and creating volume's snapshot. After successfully created, it will delete the old snapshot. Currently, it will keep 2 newest snapshots. If you want to config this, change the value. Digital ocean API documentation :  https://developers.digitalocean.com/documentation/v2/#introduction Dependency ./jq library Download from :  https://stedolan.github.io/jq/ Linux : sudo apt-get install jq Script use : Config your parameter in snapshot.sh Set cronjob to execute snapshot.sh Parameter : DIGITALOCEAN_TOKEN VOLUME_ID VOLUME_NAME SNAPSHOT_NAME DATE List Down all volumes without jq
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CONTAINERS OR VIRTUAL MACHINES: HOW TO CHOOSE

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Containers The massive boom of Docker and other companies providing containers over the past few years have given IT pros a new technology that assists in reliably running software in diverse computing environments. A common example of this includes a developer using a container to have a test environment on her laptop, then switching to a staging environment on a different computer. To do this, the container hosts the bundled runtime environment, including the application, libraries, and configuration files. This abstracts the differences in operating systems and infrastructures. So, put simply, containers allow you to run isolated systems on a single server or host OS, even when they are moved from one environment to another. They are on top of the physical server and its host operating system, and each container shares the host OS kernel. Containers and virtual machines both help save space, but containers take up a smaller amount of space on your server than VMs, and
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